services of a lay assistant. Id these degenerate days a number of upstart
pretenders to the healing art have arisen in the tribe and endeavor to impose
upon the ignorance of their fellows by posing as doctors, although knowing
{p. 340}
next to nothing of the prayers and ceremonies, without which there can be no
virtue in the application. These impostors are sternly frowned down and
regarded with the utmost contempt by the real professors, both men and women,
who have been initiated into the sacred mysteries and proudly look upon
themselves as conservators of the ancient ritual of the past.
THE CHEROKEE GODS AND THEIR ABIDING
PLACES.
After what has been said in elucidation of the theories involved in the
medical formulas, the most important and numerous of the series, but little
remains to be added in regard to the others, beyond what is contained in the
explanation accompanying each one. A few points, however, may be briefly noted.
The religion of the Cherokees, like that of most of our North American
tribes, is zootheism or animal worship, with the survival of that earlier stage
designated by Powell as hecastotheism, or the worship of all things tangible,
and the beginnings of a higher system in which the elements and the great
powers of nature are deified. Their pantheon includes gods in the heaven above,
on the earth beneath, and in the waters under the earth, but of these the
animal gods constitute by far the most numerous class, although the elemental
gods are more important. Among the animal gods insects and fishes occupy a
subordinate place, while quadrupeds, birds, and reptiles are invoked almost
constantly. The uktena (a mythic great horned serpent), the rattlesnake, and
the terrapin, the various species of hawk, and the rabbit, the squirrel, and
the dog are the principal animal gods. The importance of the god bears no
relation to the size of the animal, and in fact the larger animals are but
seldom invoked. The spider also occupies a prominent place in the love and
life-destroying formulas, his duty being to entangle the soul of his victim in
the meshes of his web or to pluck it from the body of the doomed man and drag
it way to the black coffin in the Darkening Land.
Among what may be classed as elemental gods the principal
are fire, water, and the sun, all of which are addressed under figurative
names. The sun is called Une'`lanû'hï, "the apportioner," just as our
word moon means originally "the measurer." Indians and Aryans alike,
having noticed how these great luminaries divide and measure day and night,
summer and winter, with never varying regularity, have given to each a name
which should indicate these characteristics, thus showing how the human mind
constantly moves on along the same channels. Missionaries have naturally, but
incorrectly, assumed this apportioner of all things to be the suppositional
"Great Spirit" of the Cherokees and